What characterizes coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is primarily characterized by the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries. This condition occurs when fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances accumulate on the arterial walls, leading to a narrowing and hardening of these vessels, known as atherosclerosis. This narrowing reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, which can result in chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or even heart attacks if the blood supply is significantly compromised.

The buildup of plaque obstructs the arteries' ability to effectively supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart, making it a critical and defining aspect of CAD. The severity and extent of the plaque deposition can also influence the symptoms and risks associated with the disease, highlighting its importance in cardiovascular health.

Other options, such as narrowing of pulmonary arteries, excessive heart rate variability, and inflammation of heart tissue, do not specifically characterize CAD but may relate to other cardiovascular conditions or issues within different systems of the body. Understanding these distinctions helps in diagnosing and treating various cardiovascular ailments effectively.